Cray 1 transistors pdf

Supercomputer, any of a class of extremely powerful computers. Active region the transistor operates as an amplifier and. Bipolar power transistor selection guide january 2003 table of contents product page general purpose transistors horizontal deflection output transistors product page dpak d2pak sot223 ipak to126 todarlington transistors dpak ipak to126 to220 to220f to3p to3pf switching transistors dpak d2pak to92 to126 to220 to220f to3p to3pf 2. Cray1 computer system hardware reference manual 2240004, rev c, publication. The signature cray 1tm vector supercomputer established a world standard in supercomputing with its introduction in 1976. Transistor uses, transistor rules, common emitter circuit, small signal amplification, fieldeffect transistors, jfet operating regions. Laboratories on the introduction of the cray1 1976. Overview the term is commonly applied to the fastest highperformance systems in existence at the time of their construction typically multi core housed in large clean rooms with high air flow to permit cooling used to solve problems that are too massive for standard computers history first supercomputer built by seymour cray in control data corporation cdc in 1957 cdc 1604. The cray3 was a vector supercomputer, seymour crays designated successor to the cray2.

Cray research cray research was founded in 1972 by seymour cray and introduced its first product, the cray1, in 1976. One of the first machines to use multiprocessing was the cray xmp, introduced in 1982, which linked two cray1 computers in parallel to triple their individual performance. Then bipolar transistors have the ability to operate within three different regions. Many of these, typically one or two per atom in the metal, are free to move about throughout the metal. Unfortunately the first meeting of the working froup for it was in 1977 and the cray 1 came out in 1975. Bipolar junction transistor 1 introduction to bipolar junction transistors transistors are three port devices used in most integrated circuits, such as amplifiers transistors are active components recall that resistors, capacitors and inductors. Priyadharshini s overview the term is commonly applied to the fastest highperformance systems in existence at the time of their construction typically multi core housed in large clean rooms with high air flow to permit cooling used to solve problems that are too massive for standard computers history first supercomputer built by seymour cray in control data corporation cdc. Theory of transistors and other semiconductor devices 1.

The insides of a cray 1 supercomputer stay safe and healthy. This range is called the forward active region of the transistor, defined as where the baseemitter junction is forward biased, the. Parallel and distributed computingparallel and distributed. The term generally referred to the speed at which a computer could perform floating point operations. Itt intermetall 3 page contents 195 to 199 bias resistor transistors 201 to 204 addresses alphanumerical list of types 4 list of types 189 to 193 darlington transistors 5 to 17 technical information 19 to 65 smallsignal transistors npn 67 to 1 smallsignal transistors pnp 115 to 157 dmos transistors nchannel 159 to 187 dmos. Use massproduced components wherever possible so as to be on the same costperformance curve as massproduced devices and software. Transistors are made from the same ntype and ptype materials as diodes and employ the same principles.

Transistors part 2 basic features of ce amplifiers typically the input impedance is about 1k. Scaling feature size every generation results in smaller transistors and thus higher performance, lower power, and lower cost per transistor. Ray 1 is an effective host processor for local computer rks and timesharing networks. It was in that year that intel cofounder gordon moore suggested in electronics magazine that the density of transistors. Vbe decreases by about 2 mvk with increasing temperature. The niwumpf system 1 replacement cpu manual mark ii. Cmos now offers competitive transistor performance with much greater transis tor density and. It boasted a worldrecord speed of 160 million floatingpoint operations per second 160 megaflops and an 8 megabyte 1 million word main memory. The only computer to seriously challenge the cray1s performance in the 1970s was the illiac iv. The cray 1 introduced vector registers with corresponding pipelined parallel vector functional units, returned to a uniformly fast continued on page 50 49 f i i r.

Then you learned how circuit elements do not operate the same at all frequencies. Previously ive told you about my failed efforts of building a cray1. Emittercoupled logic the key to reducing propagation delay in a bipolar logic family is to prevent a gates transistors from saturating. Soft errors in electronic memory a white paper 20032004 tezzaron semiconductor version 1. Cray1, a supercomputer designed, manufactured and marketed by cray research inc. In the absence of any other book about cray, i give this a qualified recommendation.

In contrast with the vector systems, which were designed to run a single stream of data as quickly as possible, in this. Real transistors behave close to the ideal, but their collector currents vary slightly over the range of v ce that is used in linear operation. Computer organization 1 california state university, northridge. However, it is also possible to prevent saturation by using a radically different circuit structure, called currentmode. Dec 10, star , pdp 11, cray 1 super computer cray xmp super computer more user friendly interfaces with multimedia features availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates some computers types of this generation are. Conduction in metals metals are filled with electrons. These performance and scaling trends have enabled the commodity generalpurpose cpu1 to run a broad.

Cray research introduced a series of vector based 3. The team is working to help manufacturers transcend moores law, which since 1965 has anticipated the astonishing pace of technology advances. It was in that year that intel cofounder gordon moore suggested in. The system was one of the first major applications of gallium arsenide gaas semiconductors in computing, using hundreds of custom built ics packed into a 1 cubic foot 0. Transistors, however, have two pn junctions instead of just one like a diode has. In a way transistors are just two diodes with their cathodes or anodes tied together. Cray1, a supercomputer designed, manufactured and marketed by cray.

Wires are an old problem cray1, 1976 cray1 wiring cray3, 1993 cray3 wiring courtesy of cray company. Janin did in france for his system 1 board, thus eliminating this connector entirely. This combination would have been the ultimate replacement for the gottlieb system 1 games, and was kicked around up and down the hallway for quite a while before the final resolution. The design goal was performance around 16 gflops, about 12 times that of the cray2. Also called an ic, an integrated circuit consists of a single chip with many components such as transistors and resistors fabricated on it. Given that a cray 1 is mostly a steaming pile of nor3 ecl gates and 1024bit latches, it became obvious that it is possible to design a rather fast computing unit alu. Smd type transistors npn transistors krc101s krc106s sot23 unit. Integrated circuits replaced transistors, and the cray1 delivered 170 mflops. Field effect transistors are further subdivided into two classifications. The cray1 is able of executing over 80 million floating point operations even higher rates are possible with programs that age of the vector features of the computer.

Emitter collector case to3 dimensions minimum maximum a 38. Cray research provides ware and software interfaces that link the cray1 with. The circuit provides voltage, current, and power gain. High high low high low low low high high low low low v output v eb c high high low high low. First record of singleevent upset on ground, cray1 computer. For example, a u87 microphone gives a peak output of 1. It had eight central processing units cpus, liquid cooling and the electronics coolant liquid fluorinert was pumped through the supercomputer architecture. Generations of computer computer study material pdf. They are particularly suited for line operated switchmode applications such as. The term is commonly applied to the fastest highperformance systems available at any given time. Figure 1 intel process scaling trends figure 1 shows the scaling trend for intel going back four decades. When an electric field is applied, the electrons move in the direction opposite. Cray supercomputers started in 1976 still in business used vector processors to do operations in parallel component 4unit 14 health it workforce curriculum 25 version 2.

Pdf that the purchase of a single cray1 could have doubled the. It is constructed from lsi chips of highspeed ecl bipolar junction transistors. The company he founded to manufacture this machine, cray research, led the industry for decades. Crayis series hardware reference manual, cray1 computer. Understanding transistors part 1 in this lecture you learn. Seymour cray standing next to the core unit of the cray 1 computer, circa 1974. A historical perspective arvind computer science and artificial intelligence laboratory m. I remember newspaper reports of a control data machine being sold to the russians. C101 datasheet, equivalent, cross reference search. Basics of transistors, ce,cb,cc configurations, diode characteristicsneeded for.

You started with simple resistive circuits, then dynamical systems circuits with capacitors and inductors and then opamps. Consider then, the truth table that results from the various combinations of transistor inputs. The darlington transistors are designed for highvoltage, highspeed, power switching in inductive circuits where fall time is critical. Introduction so far in ee100 you have seen analog circuits. Cray research pioneered the use of vector systems in a variety of market sectors and dominated the supercomputer market in the late 1970s and 1980s. Transistors have infiltrated virtually every area of science and industry, from the family car to satellites. The cray 1 is able of executing over 80 million floating point operations even higher rates are possible with programs that age of the vector features of the computer. Seymour cray standing next to the core unit of the cray1 computer, circa 1974. Power gains range as high as 10,000, current gain is usually equal to. In the mid1980s, the cia reckoned pdf that the purchase of a single cray1 could have doubled the total scientific computing power available to their ideological enemies in the ussr.

The cray 3 was a vector supercomputer, seymour cray s designated successor to the cray 2. Basic semiconductor physics, diodes, the nonlinear diode model, load line analysis, large signal diode models, offset diode model, transistors, large signal bjt model, load line analysis, small signal model and transistor amplification. The signature cray1tm vector supercomputer established a world standard in supercomputing with its introduction in 1976. Yes, a cray 1 is shown, but not a cray 2 a photo does not identify him as leaning on one and not a cray 3. August 21, 2008 2 computing devices then edsac, university of cambridge, uk, 1949.

The cray1 computer system, 1977 cray super computers. Please practice handwashing and social distancing, and check out our resources for adapting to these times. The computation section as illustrated on page 4 is composed of instruction buffers, registers. Supercomputers 1 supercomputer central processing unit. Who invented the first supercomputer not the first. Integrated circuits replaced transistors, and the cray 1 delivered 170 mflops. Organizations ornl and purdue explore technology at.

Features complementary npnpnp devices applications power linear and switching 3 2 1 description to220 the device is manufactured in planar technology with base island layout. The ever increasing uses for transistors have created an urgent need for sound and basic information regarding their operation. Field effect transistors, fets, are referred to as voltage driven devices which have a high input impedance. Saturation the transistor is fully on operating as a switch and. Such computers have been used primarily for scientific and engineering work requiring exceedingly highspeed computers. Cray 1 1976 80 mhz 8 64 6 1 cray xmp 1983 120 mhz 8 64 8 2 l, 1 s cray ymp 1988 166 mhz 8 64 8 2 l, 1 s cray c90 1991 240 mhz 8 128 8 4 cray t90 1996 455 mhz 8 128 8 4 conv. The term supercomputer was first applied to the cdc 6600. Ride moores law use chips with more and more transistors x104 2. Im very sure that the cdc 6600 was designed using silicon transistors, the germanium machine was the cdc1604, which also pioneered the use of a peripheral processor. The diode connecting base to emitter is the important one here. The story of seymour cray and the technical wizards behind the supercomputer enter the kettlebell. Ecl circuit diagram showing the overdriven bjt differential amplifier with.

Seymour cray cdc 6600, cray 1 microprocessors and pcs multicores cell phones focus on ideas, mechanisms, and principles, especially those that have withstood the test of time february 4, 2020 l014. A 1976 talk by seymour cray describing the cray1 super computer on youtube. Cray1 computer technology computer architecture research. Vision ias prelims test series 2020 hindi pdf tests 1 to 34 may 1, 2020 csat mock paper download pdf 2020 csat 2020 test series online may 1, 2020 vajiram yellow books pdf download free 2020 32 booklets april 30, 2020. Cray corrected this deviation from the right path in the cray 1, which used chips for memory that other manufacturers had used only for highspeed register files. This machine was the first realized example of a true massively parallel computer, in which many processors worked together to solve different parts of a single larger problem. The cray 2 is a supercomputer with four vector processors made by cray research starting in 1985. Introduction to 1 semiconductors chapter outline 11 the atom 12 materials used in electronic devices current in semiconductors 14 ntype and ptype semiconductors 15 the pn junction chapter objectives describe the structure of an atom discuss insulators, conductors, and semiconductors and how they differ describe how current is produced in a semiconductor. The two pn junctions allow a transistor to perform more functions than a diode, such as acting as a switch or an amplifier. An ideal bjt would produce constant collector current i c over all values of collectortoemitter voltage, v ce.

The insides of a cray1 supercomputer computer love. Diodes and transistors pdf 28p this note covers the following topics. Cray was also one of the pioneers of dividing complex computations among multiple processors, a design known as multiprocessing. The cray 1 represents an interesting inflection point. Ray1 is an effective host processor for local computer rks and timesharing networks. Transistors are kind of like an extens ion of another semiconductor component. Kolodzey, member, ieee abstracthardware and packaging technology which provide the high performance of the cray1. With these basic parameters it is clear from the data shown in tables 1 and 2 that severe overloads can occur on peaks from almost all instruments. In the absence of any other book about cray, i give this a. The cray1 is a vector processor with the ability to oper. Cray 1 supercomputer ibm pc sds 920 univac i eniac edvac univac ii univac iii transistors regression results. Transistor count grows much faster than clock rate 40% per year, order of magnitude more contribution in 2 decades. Transistors to gates in the end, we want to model basic logic functions by using transistors.